Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.
In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.
Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).
In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.
There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.
In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.
Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).
This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.
Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.
In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.
Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).
In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.
There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.
In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.
Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).
This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.
There are multiple ways you can search for Telegram channels. One of the methods is really logical and you should all know it by now. We’re talking about using Telegram’s native search option. Make sure to download Telegram from the official website or update it to the latest version, using this link. Once you’ve installed Telegram, you can simply open the app and use the search bar. Tap on the magnifier icon and search for a channel that might interest you (e.g. Marvel comics). Even though this is the easiest method for searching Telegram channels, it isn’t the best one. This method is limited because it shows you only a couple of results per search.
Telegram hopes to raise $1bn with a convertible bond private placement
The super secure UAE-based Telegram messenger service, developed by Russian-born software icon Pavel Durov, is looking to raise $1bn through a bond placement to a limited number of investors from Russia, Europe, Asia and the Middle East, the Kommersant daily reported citing unnamed sources on February 18, 2021.The issue reportedly comprises exchange bonds that could be converted into equity in the messaging service that is currently 100% owned by Durov and his brother Nikolai.Kommersant reports that the price of the conversion would be at a 10% discount to a potential IPO should it happen within five years.The minimum bond placement is said to be set at $50mn, but could be lowered to $10mn. Five-year bonds could carry an annual coupon of 7-8%.
